British Royal Navy units helped support the landings. Akagi and Kaga subsequently went down. He withdrew his ships westward, still hoping to draw Spruance into a trap. A. Desegregation of Society Capturing and occupying Midway was the brainchild-plan of commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. Weeks later . But their elation was short-lived, for too many Japanese fighters had descended to deal with the torpedo bombers, leaving a window of opportunity for any American dive bombers that arrived. Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance. A squadron of US Dive bombers which had arrived late after getting lost ambush the Japanese carriers bombing and resulting in the sinking of three out of four carriers. From the remaining enemy carrier, Hiryu, Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi launched bombers and torpedo planes against Yorktown. Why was Chester W Nimitz important? The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. US Navy SBD dive bombers at the Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942. A total of 1,132 enemy planes were put out of action. Fifteen Buffaloes and two Wildcats were lost, but the garrisons anti-aircraft fire was effective. Above all, Midway was the turning point that heralded the ultimate defeat of Japan. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. Clarence McClusky, swooped from 19,000 feet onto Nagumos ships. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. The US navy ended up winning the battle and historians consider this a major turning point in the Pacific Theater during World War II. United States airbase targeted by the Japanese in preparation to invade Hawaii. Towards the end of that year, Spruance commanded a cruiser division supporting Admiral Halsey's carrier, the 'Enterprise', at Wake Island. In the course of a two-hour interview, he stood or walked about all the timenot restlessly, but slowly and deliberately. During the third week of May 1942, U.S. naval intelligence units confirmed that the Japanese wouldby early Juneinvade Midway Island. But several hours laternear the end of daylight hoursa U.S. scout plane located Hiry again. He received his Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D. As part of this reorganization, the force became known as the Fifth Fleet when Spruance was in charge and the Third Fleet when Halsey was in command. Japanese submarine I-168 torpedoes and torpedoes a damaged US aircraft carrier and its escorting destroyer. The following year, they made me executive officer of the transport Agamemnon, bringing troops home from France. Yorktown and Task Force 17 were under the command of Rear Adm. Frank Jack Fletcher. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. Photograph Courtesy of the US Naval History & Heritage Command. He served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. ThoughtCo. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . erful leader. United States Aircraft Carrier attached to Task Force 16. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. >A few days later, Mitscher rejoined Spruance and the Fifth Fleet. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. They were hurled back decisively, and the losses353 enemy planes downed, 21 U.S. aircraft lostamazed the Americans. Admiral Spruance commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer.[20]. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in the corresponding Aleutian Islands Invasion. [22] Spruance later chose the battleship USSNew Jersey as his flagship, as the huge Iowa-class battleship had both room for his staff and the speed to keep up with the fast carrier task forces. Retiring to Pebble Beach, CA, he died there on December 13, 1969. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. [11] Although Spruance was proven as a cruiser division commander, he had no experience handling carrier-air combat; Halsey reassured Nimitz, and he told Spruance and Fletcher to rely on their newly inherited staff, particularly Captain Miles Browning, a battle-proven expert in carrier warfare. President Harry S. Truman appointed him ambassador to the Philippines in January 1952, and he served until March 1955. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. McClusky led one squadron, VB-6, against the carrier Kaga, while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi. At 8:20 a.m., Nagumos observers reported a group of American ships 200 miles away. Following a stint aboard USS Cincinnati, Spruance was made commander of the destroyer USS Bainbridge in March 1913 with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade). While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. In this state the Japanese carriers would be extremely vulnerable. Yamato class battleship that served as the Japanese Combined Fleet's Flagship, housing Admiral Yamamoto. So the US navy had a good idea of what to expect from the Japanese fleet and how to counterattack it. Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighters, Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers and Douglas TBD-1 Devastator torpedo bombers thundered off the flight decks and rose to search for the enemy carriers. After another three-year tour at the Naval War College, Spruance was again ordered to sea aboard Mississippi. John C. Waldron. The Americans were able to count on Yorktown, however, after patching her up in an astonishing two days instead of 90 days as had been estimated. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." Retribution was not long in coming. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. Locating the Japanese carriers as they were rearming and refueling their aircraft, American bombers inflicted massive damage and sank three. This saw Allied forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. The Saipan campaign began with air attacks on June 10, 1944. [4] Spruance attended Indianapolis public schools and graduated from Shortridge High School. Lieutenant in command of the USS Enterprise air group. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. Most common sailors were proud to serve under Halsey; most higher-ranking officers preferred to serve under Spruance. These plans proved moot when the war came to an abrupt end in early August with the use of the atom bomb. Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut (BB-18) in May 1910. He was the united states navy fleet admiral in the some of the The battle of Midway was one of the most decisive battle in th Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, Japanese fleet commander, chose to i B. "[28], The destroyers Spruance(DD-963), lead ship of the Spruance class of destroyers, and Spruance(DDG-111), 61st ship of the Arleigh Burke class of destroyers, were named in his honor.[29]. At that moment 37 Douglas Dauntless bombers from the USS Enterprise peeled off into a dive attack on two . Web. The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as . Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. That same month, he directed Operation Hailstone which saw American carrier aircraft repeatedly strike the Japanese base at Truk. Spruance was detached from command of the Fifth Fleet on November 8, 1945, and he relieved Fleet Admiral Nimitz as commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean areas. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. help him spread the Gospel?Here is your goal for this assignment:Write a report discussing how education can be a key ingredient of effective ministryIn a report of 250-500 words, i.e., one-half to one-page, provide at least three ways in which Paul's education helped him to be more effective in his ministry. He attended grade and high schools in East Orange, N.J., and in Indianapolis. Shortly before his retirement, Spruance received the following Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. Four years later, President Harry S. Truman appointed him as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. The Americans lost 74 carrier planes; the Japanese 80. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. [30] He is shown to be at loggerheads with his staff on numerous occasions and corrected by them once. (2021, July 31). To the Aleutians, the Japanese dispatched an invasion task force of three transports carrying 2,400 troops, supported by two heavy cruisers, a two-carrier support force and a covering group of four battleships. Provide at least two examples.Certain lessons in New Testament Survey, as well as outside sources, may be of help to you as you write your report. A number of torpedo squadrons from the airfields and carriers launch attacks on the Japanese carriers but score no hits and almost all planes involved were shot down. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). On 13 May 1945, Admiral Raymond Spruance put pen to paper and described the second kamikaze attack he experienced at Okinawa. Admiral Nimitz praised Spruance for a remarkable job. There are submarines, there are mini-submarines, and then there are human torpedoes. Naval Academy, graduating in 1906. . This was followed by a promotion to Deputy Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet in September. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. The young, ambitious officer was then assigned to Bainbridge, U.S. destroyer No. Flagship of Kakuta. [21] Buell quotes Spruance speaking with Morison: As a matter of tactics I think that going out after the Japanese and knocking their carriers out would have been much better and more satisfactory than waiting for them to attack us, but we were at the start of a very important and large amphibious operation and we could not afford to gamble and place it in jeopardy. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. It is still the largest warship built to date and survived the battle undamaged as it never came near the battlefield despite Yamamoto's protests. 2015. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. The struggle by the U.S. Marine 2nd Division for Betio Islet on Tarawa Atoll was the bloodiest single action in the Corps long history. The combined American force consisted of three carriers, eight cruisers, 15 destroyers, 12 submarines and 353 aircraft, ranged against a grand total of 200 Japanese vessels and 700 planes. Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. Bombs destroyed the bridge of Kaga and set her ablaze from stem to stern. U.S. losses were low: 25 airplanes and 18 lives. Admiral Yamaguchi and the Hiryu's captain decide to stay aboard the ship. Promoted to captain the following year, he departed to take the position of Chief of Staff and Aide to Commander Destroyers, Scouting Fleet in May 1933. Japanese propagandists pointed to their success in the Aleutians to offset the defeat at Midway, but actually the Aleutians were of little strategic value. He studied hard, and when he graduated in September 1906, he stood 26th in his class. After Midway, although the Japanese still held a temporary advantage in vessels and planes, the U.S. Navy and the nation gained confidence and, most critically, time. With it he intended to significantly expand the Imperial Japanese Navy's outer defense perimeter across the central Pacific; and, he believed, this very powerful stroke against Midway would so severely threaten Hawaii and Pearl Harbor that the U.S. government would be induced to sue for peace. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance displayed outstanding leadership and command capabilities during the battle that turned the tide in the Pacific. D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! The Japanese planned to outwit the U.S. forces at Midway. In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. [3] After the war, Spruance was appointed President of the Naval War College, and later served as American ambassador to the Philippines. With the battleship's completion, Spruance joined its crew and remained aboard until November 1917. Spruance served as executive officer of USS Mississippi from October 1929 to June 1931. Shortly after the Midway battle, Spruance became chief of staff to Admiral Nimitz, and in September 1942 was appointed as Deputy Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet. His air group is credited with the sinking of 4 Japanese aircraft carriers during Midway. He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. One commentator said: The quick success of the offensive was attributed to the strategic daring by which Vice Admiral Spruances forces cut behind the eastern chain of the Marshalls. I finally wangled two months at sea, in 1918, before the war was over. He never did things the same way twice. The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. His tour of sea duty ended in 1921, and he spent the next three years with the Navy Departments Bureau of Engineering and the Doctrine of Aircraft board. By 1939, at the age of 53, Spruance had spent 18 years at sea. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. Carrier units of his force penetrated waters of the Japanese homeland and Nansei Shoto. Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. The Coral Sea fight was virtually a warm-up for the Battle of Midway, regarded later as the turning point of the war in the Pacific. Always calm, always at peace with himself, Spruance had that ability which marks the great captain to make correct estimates and the right decisions in a fluid battle situation. His father wanted him to go to West Point, but young Raymond yearned to go to sea. Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library, Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, Spruance, Raymond A. My mind is blank. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. King said to him "Spruance, you did a damn fine job there. The small Marine Corps garrison scrambled its handful of Grumman F4F-3 Wildcat and Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo fighters, but they were too weak and slow to deter the Japanese. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." B. Jim Crow Laws During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. The Japanese lost 19 ships sunk, seven probably sunk and more than 200 aircraft destroyed, and their installations were bombed and strafed. However, Spruances fleet was also charged with guarding the amphibious landings at Saipan and Tinian. Was the site of a naval battle between the United States and Japan in 1942. [7], Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. Japanese Admiral and a pioneer in aircraft carrier warfare. 7 reviews. Morison said: Keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening, Raymond A. Spruance emerged from this battle one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history.He was bold and aggressive when the occasion demanded offensive tactics; cautious when pushing his luck too far might have lost the fruits of victory. It was hit and shortly after destroyed by American dive bombers. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. The Americans lost only 17 planes and no ships. The fourth was a choice between Halsey and Spruance, and after much deliberation, eventually Halsey was appointed in December 1945. He suggested Spruance replace him as commander of the Fleet carrier force, despite the fact that Spruce had little experience with carriers. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was the flagship of the second detachment of the carrier strike force. Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. Most of Nagumo's attack planes had just returned from the first strike on Midway and were immobilized on the carrier hangers, while his combat air patrol cover planes were engaged with battling torpedo bombers from Hornet. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. It was spotted by scouts from the USS Hornet and destroyed by planes from the Enterprise. He envied no one, rivaled no man, won the respect of almost everyone with whom he came in contact, and went ahead in his quiet way, winning victories for his country.When we come to the admirals who commanded at sea, and who directed a great battle, there was no one to equal Spruance. The American offensive in the Pacific theater was now enjoying considerable momentum, aided in no small measure by Rear Adm. Marc Mitschers Task Force 58, the most powerful and destructive unit in the history of sea warfare. During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, World War II: Battle of the Philippine Sea. United States Admiral in command of naval units on the Pacific Theatre in 1942. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. The U.S. Navy intercept force centered on the three carriers Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown, and their air-attack squadrons. During the operation, the Fifth Fleet burned up 630 million gallons of fuelmore than the entire Pacific Fleet used in 1943. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. https://www.historynet.com/admiral-raymond-a-spruance-modest-victor-of-midway/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, How Operation Homecoming Was Sprung into Action to Repatriate American POWs. But his service was not yet finished. Though Spruance had not led a carrier force in the past, Nimitz agreed as the rear admiral would be aided by Halsey's staff, including the gifted Captain Miles Browning. The assault began at dawn on November 20, 1943, and the fighting raged for 76 hours. society in the 1950s? When Yorktown was struck at Midway, however, Fletcher transferred his flag to the cruiser Astoria and placed Spruance tactically in charge. Four fleet carriers and the heavy cruiser Mikuma were sunk; a cruiser, three destroyers, an oiler and a battleship were damaged. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. On December 30, 1914, Spruance married Margaret Vance Dean, the daughter of an Indianapolis businessman. Spruance expressed his personal feelings on this matter as follows: So far as my getting five star rank is concerned, if I could have got it along with Bill Halsey, that would have been fine; but, if I had received it instead of Bill Halsey, I would have been very unhappy over it. Married Margaret Vance Dean, the Fifth Fleet burned up 630 million gallons of fuelmore the... Dive attack on two kamikaze attack he experienced at Okinawa from there, he stood or about! 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