Taken together, more than three-quarters of Indian Americans place a high value on their Indian-ness. Around 22 percent state that their Indian identity is either somewhat or very unimportant.32. Immigrants from Mexico (7%) and Central America (11%) were the least likely to have a bachelors or higher. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. In many ways, the community is often portrayed as the poster child of Americas historic opening to new immigrants whoin ways big and smallhave transformed the country. Share with Friends Add To Playlist. Note: This is an update of a post originally published May 3, 2017, and written by Gustavo Lpez, a former research analyst focusing on Hispanics, immigration and demographics; and Kristen Bialik, a former research assistant. U.S. Given the relative religious homogeneity of Indian Americans social networks, figure 20 investigates whether there is variation by respondents religion, focusing on the three major religious groups in the Indian American communityChristian, Hindu, and Muslim. Although overall levels of poverty are lower than the American average,5 there are concentrated pockets of deprivation, especially among the large number of unauthorized immigrants born in India and residing in the United States.6. The survey instrument contains 157 questions organized across six modules: basic demographics; immigration, citizenship, and family background; presidential campaigns and voting; U.S. politics and foreign policy; culture and social behavior; and Indian politics. In 2013, the House of Representatives had a single Indian . This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. As the figure demonstrates, religion leads the way59 percent of Indian Americans believe it is responsible for creating internal divisions in the community. RE: Indian Americans are now the second largest immigrant group in the US: With Due respect to All especially Asian Americans in this article, when many first generation Desi-Indians immigrated, the starting salary level for fresh undergraduates varied from USD $ 7000/ to 10000/ depending from state to state, and now the starting salary range between USD $ 60,000/ to may be 80,000/-. For 21 states, including Texas, immigrants from India represented the largest group after those from Mexico. Unsurprisingly, just 4 percent of non-citizens participated in this activity, while 8 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of U.S.-born citizens reported working on a campaign. An estimated 50.6 million American residents, or a little more than 15% of the countrys 331.4 million inhabitants, were born abroad. In cases where the respondent identifies with multiple states, both states are counted as a home state. The results are shown in figure 22. Finally, given the sensitive nature of caste identity, nonresponses in the survey could mask those who do not wish to disclose their caste affiliation even if they are aware of their familys caste identity. For instance, for Indian Americans who skeptically view the rise of Hindu majoritarianism in India, it is unclear how they might apportion blame given that religion, leadership, and political parties are all deeply intertwined, especially in the current political scenario. Just 9 percent of them hold the same views vis--vis the Congress. In 2020, about8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. The survey also queries respondents about whether they participated, over the past twelve months, in any of five political activities: volunteering or working on a political campaign; posting comments online about politics; discussing politics with friends and family; contributing money to a candidate, party, or campaign organization; or contacting their elected representative or another government official. Another 4 percent were born in the United States to parents also born in the United States. Thirty percent of non-citizen IAAS respondents possess a green card (or a permanent residency card), which places them on a pathway to gaining U.S. citizenship. Overall, a majority of Americans have positive views about immigrants. 28 Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley; Jennifer Medina, Debate Erupts in California Over Curriculum on Indias History, New York Times, May 4, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html. Most of these children are native-born themselves. How then do we make sense of the heterogeneity encapsulated by the more than 4 million people of Indian origin in the United States, a group that is the second-fastest-growing immigrant community in the country? Second, given the presence of SCs among some non-Hindu religious groups, it is likely that the absolute number of SCsif not the percentagein the IAAS sample is higher. Furthermore, respondents who did not disclose a caste identity were dropped from the data set. On the other end of the spectrum, 30 percent of Indian Americans born in the United States answer that being Indian is either somewhat or very unimportant to their identitya response given by just 17 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans. All rights reserved. Indeed, a plurality (44 percent) of Indian Americans born in the United States say that they feel more American than Indian (compared to 23 percent of foreign-born respondents). 27 There is significant variation in the frequency of prayer based on respondents age. The first part looks at three types of engagement: civic, political, and cultural. These sentiments are a far cry from those expressed by a special commission established by the U.S. Congress whose 1911 report declared that Hindus were universally regarded as the least desirable race of immigrants thus far admitted to the United States.3 More than a century laterfrom Silicon Valley CEOs to White House power brokers and influential members of Congress to leaders in fields like journalism, health, science, and engineeringthe emergence of the Indian diaspora is a remarkable coming-of-age story. 3 (2005): 169187. Sixty-four percent of this subset of respondents were naturalized after the year 2000, while the remainder received U.S. citizenship before that. 16 Of those born outside of the United States, 80 percent were born in India. By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. The remaining 23 percent of the sample consists of immigrants residing in the United States who do not hold U.S. citizenship. Relative to Muslims, Christians and Hindus are equally likely to self-identify as Indian American (47 percent each versus 32 percent for Muslims), and Hindus are substantially more likely to self-identify as Indian (32 percent versus 17 percent for Christians and 12 percent for Muslims). 45 Carroll Doherty, Which Party is More to Blame for Political Polarization? Indian Americans exhibit high rates of marriage and low rates of divorce. Send a Message. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. The margin of error for the full sample of 1,200 respondents is +/- 2.8 percent. In fact, that is precisely what the data suggest (see figure 10). Rounding out the list are caste (35 percent), economic policy (29 percent), and language (24 percent). Between 2007 and 2017, this group decreased by 2 million. This section reviews some basic characteristics of the social networks of Indian Americans. Self-identification also varies by religion. Forty-three percent report that some are, while 23 percent say that hardly any or none are. Indian Americans who are born in the United States are more likely to identify as Indian American (48 to 40 percent) and markedly less likely to identify as Indian (just 11 percent compared to 33 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans). All the analyses in this study employ sampling weights to ensure representativeness.15. The data for this report are derived from the 2010 American Community Survey (1% IPUMS), which provides detailed geographic, demographic and . Among immigrants ages 5 and older, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. Some 27% of immigrants were permanent residents and 5% were temporary residents in 2017. In both instances, roughly three-quarters of perpetrators were identified as non-Indians. 17 This compares with 60 percent as per data from the 2018 ACS. South America South Central Asia South Eastern Asia Western Asia Alabama Immigrants U.S. born Mexico Guatemala India China/HK Korea Germany Vietnam Philippines United Kingdom Canada Honduras Jamaica Japan Colombia El Salvador Immigrants 20K 40K 60K Mapbox OSM Top 15 countries of birth Migration Policy Institute MPI Data Hub Overall, 41 percent of respondents rate it as very important and another 37 percent rate it as somewhat important. Chinese Americans are the largest Asian origin group in the U.S., making up 24% of the Asian population, or 5.4 million people. Formed in 2021, we provide fact-based, non-partisan news. There is surprisingly little systematic data about the everyday social realities that Indian Americans experience. At the time of the survey, more than half (55 percent) of Indian Americans reported that they had an immediate family member (spouse, mother, father, brother, sister, son, or daughter) currently residing in India. The term net domestic migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another state minus people moving to another state from that state. 41 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks, Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415444. Sampling weights were then post-stratified on 2016 presidential vote choice, as well as a three-way stratification of gender, age (four categories), and education (four categories), to produce the final weight. The IAAS asks respondents how they self-identify; after all, identities are liminal and individuals might identify with any number of identity categories. 37 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, The Integration of Immigrants into American Society (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2015). In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, with 149,000 people, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000) and the Philippines (46,000). By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. Check your email for details on your request. Only adult respondents (ages eighteen and above) who identified as Indian American or a person of (Asian) Indian origin were able to participate in the survey. In 2018, 3.6 million people in New York (18 percent of the state's population) were native-born Americans who had at least one immigrant parent. The IAAS draws on a series of questions adapted from the political science literature in order to measure inter-group social distance in the Indian American community.42 Namely, the survey explores how Indian Americans feel about having close interactions with out-group members along two prominent cleavages: those who are of a different religion, or who carry a different partisan affiliation. Ten percent of IAAS respondents identify as South Asian American, a term which refers to diaspora populations from countries across the region such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The top countries of origin for immigrants were the Dominican Republic (11 percent of immigrants), China (9 percent), Mexico (5 percent), Jamaica (5 percent), and India (4 percent). The examination of partisanship, in turn, further distinguishes between partisan support in India and in the United States.43. Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. The term net international migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another country minus people moving to another country from that state. Religious differences, in particular, have emerged as a salient divide both in India and among members of the diaspora. Largest Immigrant Groups by US State Can you name the 5 largest immigrant groups in each US state? We bring the best out of every single solitary culture in the world here in the United States of America, and we give people an opportunity to let their dreams run forward.2. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. On the other hand, Muslims are much more likely to self-identify as South Asian (27 percent compared to 7 percent of Christians and 5 percent of Hindus). Eight out of ten respondents say they have a spouse or partner of Indian origin (ranging from 85 percent of foreign-born respondents to 71 percent of U.S.-born respondents). Responses are very divided. In contrast, there is more variation on the dimensions of region and caste. Five percent responded dont know. Overall, the distribution is skewed in favor of a social network populated with relatively more people of Indian origin. And to what extent are these differences being driven by political polarization in the country of origin (in this case, India)? As the figure demonstrates, foreign-born Indian Americans are significantly more likely to have a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin and born in India. As a final step, the survey asks respondents whether they agree or disagree with the following statement: Overall, the Indian American community has a positive impact on U.S.-India relations. As of now, the community is quite bullish about the diasporas achievements in this regard. However, duration of stay remains significant. While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000. Eighty-eight percent of Hindus say being Indian is very or somewhat important to them, compared to 79 percent of Christians and 66 percent of Muslims. Minnesota has proportionally fewer immigrants compared to the nation as a whole, but we have long been a state shaped by immigration. One way to understand the dynamics of discrimination at play is to place discrimination against Indian Americans in a comparative context. Thirty percent of Congress supporters are not comfortable having close friends who support the BJP; this is double the share of BJP supporters who are uncomfortable having close friends who are Congress supporters. the United States issues immigration visas to 2 . Forty percent of respondents report praying either several times a day or once a daysignificantly more than the 27 percent of the sample that attends religious services at least once a week. Based on these portraits, here are answers to some key questions about the U.S. immigrant population. In all 15 states except West Virginia the total population increased between 2010 and 2016. Thirty-one percent state that they feel more American than Indian and 19 percent state the conversethat they feel more Indian than American. Sixteen percent of Indian Americans report being discriminated against by virtue of their Indian heritage. California had the largest immigrant population of any state in 2018, at 10.6 million. However, the major distinction has to do with the intensity of this feeling, exemplified by the sharp difference in the share of respondents who report being very comfortable with friends of the opposite faith: 52 percent of Hindus are very comfortable having close Muslim friends, while 46 percent of Muslims are very comfortable having close Hindu friends. When it comes to online discussions of politics, 28 percent of U.S.-born citizens posted comments about political issues on an online forum, compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. Fourteen percent of non-citizens are on F-1, J-1, or M-1 visascategories of student or scholar visaswhile another 5 percent hold an L-1 visa, a designation available to employees of an international company with offices in the United States. However, immigrants were just as likely as the U.S. born to have a bachelors degree or more (32% and 33%, respectively). While we are grateful to all of our collaborators, any errors found in this study are entirely the authors. For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). The survey asks respondents if they are a member of any Indian American organization or group, such as a cultural, regional, religious, caste, community, or school-based organization. From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. Immigrants from Canada (96%), Oceania (82%), Europe (75%) and sub-Saharan Africa (74%) have the highest rates of English proficiency. Generally, most immigrants eligible for naturalization apply to become citizens. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax By region of birth, immigrants from Asia combined accounted for 28% of all immigrants, close to the share of immigrants from Mexico (25%). There is no variation at all based on duration of stay in the United States. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. Hispanics are also the nation's largest immigrant group and one of its fastest growing populations. We would like to acknowledge numerous individuals and organizations for making this study possible. However, Mexican lawful immigrants have the lowest naturalization rate overall. Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. One possibility is that the person or persons engaged in caste discrimination could be from another South Asian country, where caste might be a meaningful marker of status and hold greater salience.50 Another possibility is that respondents interpret caste discrimination as a stand-in for other forms of discriminationon the basis of skin color or country of origin, for example. Twenty-eight percent respond in the affirmativethat political divisions in India are infecting dynamics within the Indian community in the United States. Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. 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